Animal Physiology

Our knowledge of the action of caffeine on the respiratory system has resulted mainly from studies on the effect of the drug on the rate and rhythm of respiration, alveoli and total ventilation of the lungs, and on the volume of gas exchanged between the organism and its environment. Edsall and Means (1), Grabfield and Means (2), Higgins and Means (3), Lohr (4), Schmidt and Harer (5), Smith (6), Fsungming (7).There seems to be a general agreement among these investi- gators that caffeine stimulates the respiratory center resulting in an increase in the rate of respiration and an increase in the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide elimination. This in- crease in the gaseous exchange may not be entirely due to stimulation of the respiratory center, but to some other factor such as an increase in the basal metabolism.Owing to the fact that practically all of the previous experiments were conducted on mammals, which have the highest developed nervous system of any group of animals, and in order to throw more light on the fundamental effect of the drug on physiological processes, it was thought desirable to study the effect of caffeine on the oxygen consumption of lower organisms.For this purpose it was found advantageous to use young individuals (3 to 4 inches in length) of a fresh water fish, Erimyson sucetta oblongus, Mitchell (identifled by Dr. T. H. Langlois, University Museum, University of Michigan) and bull frog tadpoles, Rana catesbiana. These ani- mals remain rather quiet when not disturbed, thus the error in 1 Contribution from Battle Creek College. 5960 FLOYD J. BRINLEY oxygen consumption due to bodily activity of the animals is reduced to a minimum but not completely eliminated. M

Response to “Letter From a Birmingham Jail”

Martin Luther King Jr. wrote â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† in response to his fellow white clergymen who criticized his actions that landed him in jail. He used Biblical examples to show that his nonviolent actions were necessary for African Americans to move forward in this country. This letter was mainly directed to those religious leaders who have the power to do something about segregation but don't. The purpose is to hopefully get the backup from powerful religious leaders and end segregation.He communicates this message very effectively to these men from his quotes from Saint Paul and King Solomon which is preached within the churches of these religious leaders. He also justifies his nonviolent action by comparing it to â€Å"just† and â€Å"unjust† laws with one example of Hitler ( â€Å"We can never forget that everything Hitler did in Germany was â€Å"legal† and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was â€Å"illegal. â €  It was â€Å"illegal† to aid and comfort a Jew in Hitler's Germany. †)King claims there is no better timing for something that has been at conflict for 340 years and that there was no wrongdoing during this â€Å"sit-in. † He says in confidence, â€Å" We will reach the goal of freedom in Birmingham and all over the nation, because the goal of America is freedom. Abused and scorned though we may be, our destiny is tied up with the destiny of America. Before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, we were here. Before the pen of Jefferson scratched across the pages of history the majestic word of the Declaration of Independence, we were here †¦If the inexpressible cruelties of slavery could not stop us, the opposition we now face will surely fail. We will win our freedom because the sacred heritage of our nation and the eternal will of God are embodied in our echoing demands †¦ † Martin Luther King Jr. is asking for the help of the clergymen so the y can move forward with Civil Rights. Mr. King scolded the clergymen saying,â€Å"The early Christians rejoiced when they were deemed worthy to suffer for what they believed.In those days the Church was not merely a thermometer that recorded the ideas and principles of popular opinion; it was a thermostat that transformed the mores of society. † He was urging them to stand up for what they knew and believed was right just as the early Christian church had done in the face of execution. Martin Luther King Jr. used their belief to persuade them to see the right path. Martin Luther King Jr. ‘s major audience is the clergymen he is writing to. These men possess the power to change people's minds and yet do not even try.King gives such overwhelming emotion when he compares the situation in Birmingham with Biblical situations such as this (Of course, there is nothing new about this kind of civil disobedience. It was seen sublimely in the refusal of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed nego to obey the laws of Nebuchadnezzar because a higher moral law was involved. It was practiced superbly by the early Christians, who were willing to face hungry lions and the excruciating pain of chopping blocks before submitting to certain unjust laws of the Roman Empire.) Using this quote he tried to explain once again that sometimes to do what is right you have to take chances that may seem wrong and may be labeled as wrong. He is very professional and polite at the beginning which helps the audience to really listen to what he has to say. When he really gets his point through is when he gradually gets firmer and firmer throughout the text yet at the same time still being polite. King portrays himself as one of the clergymen, but one that has to overcome the many obstacles of the average African American.He acts as a friend and yet in the middle of the letter he portrays the religious leaders as an enemy that he hopes will reconsider their position on Civil Rights. Important Q uotes: â€Å"So I have tried to make it clear that it is wrong to use immoral means to attain moral ends. But now I must affirm that it is just as wrong, or even more so, to use moral means to preserve immoral ends. † This quote means that it is wrong to use forceful methods and violence to get a good ending but it is equally as bad to sit by and watch, doing nothing, while dissolute actions are being made.â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. † Martin Luther King’s quote means that even if you aren’t directly affected by the current situation it will somehow come back to include you so the best way to handle injustice is to get rid of it right away and not let it affect anyone.†¦ it is immoral to urge an individual to withdraw his efforts to gain his basic constitutional rights becaus e the quest precipitates violence. Society must protect the robbed and punish the robber. This quote discourages the clergymens’ decision to sit back and not do anything about the growing issue of slavery in Birmingham. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was urging them to change the hearts of the people and communities they preached to. Mr. King believed that society must protect the African Americans affected by racism and punish the racist.

The Policy of Imperialism

Imperialism is the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, and military control over weaker territories. It’s important because it helped extend our territories over weaker territories. I think imperialism was a proper and legitimate policy, even though it led to some bad outcomes, there were more good outcomes. The three countries that I chose to write about are Cuba, Philippines, and Panama. In Panama, the Panamanians allowed the United States to rent the land needed to build the Panama Canal.The U. S. wanted to build the Panama Canal because they gained control over Puerto Rico and the Philippines. The canal would allow warships to pass between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans without circling South America, making it easier to defend the United States. So the Panama Canal benefits the U. S. by allowing warships to pass between the two oceans, helping the growing trade of Asia, and making it easier to defend the United States. Many Cubans welcomed the presence of U. S. troops to restore stability, law, and order.After Cuba gained independence, President William McKinley set up a U. S. military government to administer the island. The U. S. was also interested in protecting Cuba’s independence because they wanted to restore order, establishing a provisional government. Imperializing Cuba was a good thing because under the U. S. military governor, programs of public works, education, sanitation, court reform, and self-government were instituted. In 1898, the U. S. wanted to take over the Philippines, a Spanish colony.U. S. businesses saw the Philippines as a good source for raw materials as well as a key to new markets for imports and exports. The islands were in a good strategic position for access to the markets of China. McKinley concluded that the best choice was for the U. S. was to â€Å"take and educate the Filipinos, uplift, civilize, and Christianize them. † Even though the Philippines revolted against th e U. S. rule with a three year battle, imperializing the Philippines was a good thing towards America.The imperializing of many new territories, not only Cuba, Philippines and Panama, but for china, Hawaii, Mexico, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic led to many good things for the U. S. and other countries. Take Cuba for an example, the U. S. established a provisional government and many things were instituted. In Panama, the Panama Canal helped defend the U. S. and the growing trade of Asia. The Philippines were a good source for raw materials and the United States saw them as a key for new market imports and exports. Therefore imperialism was a good policy because it led to many good things in America and other nations.

The Ruritanian Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Ruritanian Project - Essay Example Organizations can choose to conduct environmental scanning of varying level such as, multinational, regional and national. In case of multinational, a wide range of aspects are assessed to identify, forecast and monitor the trends. These trends include the political and economic trends of the countries (Deresky, 2006; Lall and Sahai, 2008). In this case, the company, which is headquartered at United Kingdom, is planning to open its new manufacturing unit in Ruritania. Ruritania is a developing Eastern European country with a stable political and economic condition. This report focuses on providing an analysis of the impact on financial aspect of the organization owing to its operation in this country. The analysis is based on the data provided in the case. Figure 1: Environmental forces affecting the organization (Source: Kerin, Hartley and Rudelius, 2010) Market growth For Foreign Direct Investment, decision making of the multinational enterprise in the host country, market size, pe r capita income, degree of development and changes of market growth, play an important role. The host countries with higher degree of economic development, increasing market size and rapid economic growth are seen to provide better opportunities to the MNEs to exploit the ownership advantages and accomplish economies of scale. It has been suggested that market growth and market size are some of the driving forces that helps the foreign firms with location specific decision making. The market growth plays a leading role in the developing economies to decide on the development of the country from two perspectives such as, increasing domestic market and higher amount of industrial growth. Per capita income, market growth and market size are the traditional economic variables that attract the FDI. From the perspective of the company, they are more likely to invest in the countries with larger market size, higher purchasing power and higher growth potential, rather than the countries wit h smaller market size, lower purchasing power and dawdling economic growth. Market related variables such as, GDP growth, GDP per capita and GDP are also used by the FDIs as important determinants. The level of GDP is seen to capture prospective economies of large scale production and specifically helps in measuring the size of the market. FDI is nothing but a unit of the foreign organization that is trying to establish one of its units in the host country. The absolute and relative sizes of the market are used for estimation. The absolute size of the market is captured by the level of GDP, whereas the growth rate of the GDP is represented by the relative size. A higher amount of GDP per capita generates similar results as the lower balance of payment deficit. The FDIs are seen to be attracted to the host country if they have greater size of potential market and higher amount of GDP (Buxheli, 2011). In the Ruritanian case, the GDP of the country has shown an average growth of 6 perc ent for the past five years, but in the current year, it has shown growth rate of only 0.07 percent, which is poor. This clearly indicates that the GDP growth rate has decreased and the economy is not in a healthy state. A higher growth rate of the GDP implies a robust economy, thereby simultaneously suggesting that the level of unemployment is low and wage increases. On the contrary, if the GDP growth rate is low or negative, then it implies that the economy is in an

Motivation in the NHS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Motivation in the NHS - Essay Example The new concepts which are incorporated into the NHS are now including resources, funding allocated to assist with services and the building of communities which can assist with the needs in health care and the concepts associated with this. Connections to corporations as well as physicians are furthering the success of this organization while allowing new funding and high performance to be associated with the main corporation (NHS, 2011). While there are several opportunities available for NHS, there are also curtain standings that are altering the way in which the corporation functions and what is available for those in need of health assistance. The main concept that is now being initiated is linked directly to the government, which is moving into a reform with the service. This is designed to offer equitable solutions for those who are in need of health care. The initial structure of the NHS is linked to the governmental sector, making all restrictions and obligations with polici es and reforms directly responsible for those who are involved in this movement. Legitimacy that is associated with health costs, regulating healthcare providers and liberating the restrictions that are associated with the NHS are the three main objectives of the government and the link to NHS. The main ideal is to keep the standards of equity while ensuring that each individual that links to the NHS is able to receive the comprehensive health care needed (DH, 1: 2011). The liberation which is being structured with government policies and concepts is furthered by the structure which is continuing to grow with the NHS. The first is based on the main structure. This is divided first by the... This paper stresses that the various concepts which are associated with motivation among the National Health Service employees is based on various dimensions which continue to affect the interactions of those which are involved with the professional concepts of the industry. When looking at the interactions, it can be seen that there is a direct relationship to the economic and political shifts. These are each involved with motivations that come from policies, expectations in the industry and the involvement which individuals have in the profession to receiving benefits in terms of political and economic opportunities. This reprot makes a conclusion that there are considerations within the NHS, specifically because of the structure and relationship which is associated with the health care industry. The current structure is one which provides human resource management tools to customers, other health care assistants and from the governments. The constraints of this are related to the policies and political agendas that come from each of these branches of the NHS. There are also constraints with the economic expectations and how this relates to the overall industry. For the NHS to begin to change, there is the need to look at the motivational factors within health care, specifically in relation to the policies and how this affects the human resources, available opportunities for those involved with the NHS and the abilities which are a part of growth in the industry. By understanding these different levels, changes can be made in terms of motivation and how individuals and customers now relate to the health care industry.

Sensitivity report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sensitivity report - Coursework Example These resources are the machine time for this case as profits for the products is not sought as a solution to the company’s problem of finding the best combinations for the products. With regards to the three resources available in this analysis, they represent hours at the machines’ disposal. However, it is observed that, it more hours per machine were allowed, then higher total profits would be increase immensely. In order to answer questions like whether it is reason for the company to invest in more machine hours, should the company be willing to pay for more manufacturing time, and whether is profitable to hike the production hours. Using the solver solution represented as table 1, these questions and how they relate to the right combinations for product production can be identified. Using a theoretical analysis approach, it is by design that changes in right-hand-side of the constraint; a corresponding change is registered not unless it is conditional that the con straint is redundant. This translates to a change in the optimal solution as well. With regards to the reduction of hours the machines time may result to a increase of decrease in profit per hour. The change in profit per hour is referred to as the shadow price and is therefore used to determine whether the company should consider investing in more machine hours or a better combination of the produced products. To a constraint, the shadow price represents the improvement to the functional objective that may be a product of one-unit increase within the constraints right-hand-side. With regards to the fact that the profits generated per hour in normal circumstances is ?0.33333 the right combinations of the products are desired in order to preserve the need for increasing machine time. Hence fore, the fact that the company’s profit increased with ?0.3333 for every additional hour, it means that more product B types should be considered if time alone is to be considered. However, while the value of one product A is 24 Sterling Pounds and that of product B is 4 sterling pounds. Therefore, it is also observed that for every single product A a profit of 2 sterling pounds is made as compared to the 4 sterling pounds’ profit on product B. However, given that product A produces at machine at for four hours and two hours at machine B. The total amount of products producible at machine A will be 30 products with regards to the count of four hours for a machine allowance time of 120. On the other hand, the same product can process at machine B for two hours against the allowed duration of 72 hours to give 36 products A. With reference to product B, out of the allowed machine hours for machine A, 120 hours, only 20 product Bs can be produced within the time limit of 6 hours per product. This means that on the other hand, the only 12 product Bs can be produced using machine B speed of 6 hours per product against the allowed timeframe of 72 hours. In this case, since hours are constant and the company does not need to increase machine hours in order to keep investment at the original figure. This means that for product A to be processed within the time frame allowed for machine A and B will translate to a profit of ?60 per hour when processed in machine A and ?72 when process by machine B. On the case of product B, the solver solution shows that for all products B producible in machine A will yield a profit of ?80 with respect to the ?4 profit margin for every unit of

Entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Entrepreneur - Essay Example Similar examples exist in the society and include interests in political appointment to the federal government (Gimpel 28). The entrepreneurial experience of Theodore Judah offers many lessons that are still relevant today. Theodore’s experience explains the role of hardwork and determination in entrepreneurial success, qualities that have been coined to define successful entrepreneurs. Theodore’s efforts to seeks support from politicians and business men and the success that he achieved defines his hardwork while his continuous efforts, despite discouraging encounter, in seeking support for the railroad project explains his determination as well as perseverance that can help today’s entrepreneurs to overcome challenges and succeed in their entrepreneurial ventures (Gimpel 29- 34). Your essay on Gustavus Swift is explorative and informative. I however believe that it is not strong in captivating the audience and also in attracting the audience’s attention. Including a thesis statement in the introductory paragraph and using subheadings for major points would have improved the essay’s effectiveness. The audience however has to strain to grasp information. Your essay on Lewis Tappan identifies professionalism in writing. Organizing the work into subsections and using headings helps the audience to understand a essay’s main points and helps in attracting attention into the essay. The presentation is also simple and identifies critical information such as the period in which Tappan lives, his life in business, and his business

Lella Vignelli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lella Vignelli - Essay Example Elaboration of the great designs of Lella starts with an interior design of a sofa in the year 1964 above. Some of the factors leading to the design of the sofa is that they were looking for a sofa but had no idea what kind of sofa were in need of. However, they prefer a thick hard-edged lacquered box with soft pillows inside, a sofa that could support itself and not in support by the wall. At the same time she was thinking of designing the sofa, Poltronova asks her and her crew to design lounge seats bringing the Saratoga line design into existence. The Saratoga line design is modular to allow different kinds of arrangement, contains a coffee support table, drawers and a backlit top. To complete the design, an inclusion of black or white high gloss lacque was added to complete the attractive line design. Lella’s talent spreads in various design fields leading to the design of Heller glass bakeware of 1970. Because of the success of the plastic ware, Heller decides to increase its marketing products by introducing glass bakeware into the market. The knowledge of cooking by Lella plays a major role in deciding what cooking products or food related products to design. She discovers that food is beautiful with a top view rather than in the sections and therefore decides to come up with casseroles and pans incised with a groove section hiding the food enhancing the container. Instead of handles, she designs flat rings that all round the container for easy removal from the oven. The goal of designing the containers was to provide the public with something beautiful with simple but great designs around them. Another Lella’s design is a Xoil office in New York, 1991 that was in cover with natural linen and wool carpets. However, the office had lacquered woodwork and upholstering seating creating a warm transaction environment for

Analysis of The Good News Is that Sports Is Bad for Us Passage Essay

Analysis of The Good News Is that Sports Is Bad for Us Passage - Essay Example Assessment of reason for assumptions: The main reasons given for this are the widespread sporting malpractice currently recorded in the field of sports. This means that more and more players, their coaches, as well as other private stakeholders, use sporting. Authorities Cited: A number of authorities are mentioned in the passage, including the International Cricket Council, and Premier League football. These authorities make it plausible for readers to understand the depth of sporting corruption and malpractice in the society. Further Evidence: Further evidence about the failure of sporting corruption refers to the penalties that sportsmen’s and women get because of failing to adhere to sporting rules and regulations. Explanations: It is evident that the sports industry is too corrupt with new cays of cheating coming up every new day, such as using drugs and boosters to increase their performance capabilities in the field. Some cricket players even use illegal drugs in order to outperform their competitors during such tournaments. Comparisons: There are no major comparisons made through this text Further Conclusion: Sporting malpractice and corruption is on the rise because more sportsmen want to get ahead of others through illegal means instead of winning successfully Parallel reasoning: there is no parallel reasoning in the passage. General principles: The passage does not use any general principles. Do the reasons support the conclusion? The reasons were given to support the conclusion as there is a significant possibility of increased sporting malpractice within the society. Passage 2 â€Å"Demi-Gods and Mortals,† By John Harris Conclusion and Reasons: This passage is trying to get me to accept the fact that Demi-gods and immortality exist. These bases because science can now engineer possibilities of having a life prolonged for long years as contrasted to the current life expectancy levels. In addition, the more the development of science, t he more the realization of life elongation techniques, such as those relating to how long a person can live. Future generations may soon become Demi-gods as science tries very hard to beat death at its own game. The reasons given for these are: Scientific research is leading to the indefinite extension of life as reported by researcher all over the world. The possibility of humankind becoming immortal is more than science fiction fantasy In the long-term it may be possible to switch off the aging process and maintain a repair program in cells Assumptions: The assumptions of this passage are that science has the capabilities of designing new ways of prolonging life by making adding impossible. As such, death will no longer be part of the human life cycle, and this means that human beings will be immortal with time, as the future progresses, and somehow become Demi-gods.

Considerations for Child Development - Middle Childhood Essay Example for Free

Considerations for Child Development Middle Childhood Essay Physical development is concerned with the biological changes of the body and the brain. It includes genetics, a foetus’s growth in the mother’s womb, the birth process, brain development and the acquisition of fine motor skills; it also encompasses behaviours that promote and impede health and environmental factors that influence physical growth. (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 5). I have chosen to evaluate the physical developmental stage of middle childhood, children the ages of six to ten years of age. This essay discusses the considerations for physical development and how it can be supported in the learning environment. It will look at motor development and its influences, the benefits of physical activity, and the consequences of inactivity. How a student’s physical development can facilitate or restrict development in other areas, and how we can support the physical needs and development of students. Read more:  Factors that influence child development essay Generally, children will develop their motor skills at them same time in life, however there are other factors that influence this development e. . a child’s environmental influences, (nurture) and also inherited characteristics and tendencies (nature). There are many things a teacher can do to facilitate a student’s basic cognitive process, they can help children pay attention to things that are important for them to remember; e. g. completing homework tasks, throwing litter in the bin, raising their hand and waiting before they speak in class. Introducing new information to the students existing knowledge will help them to continue to improve and learn. In middle childhood, children start to improve further on their fine motor skills, their handwriting becomes smaller, smoother and more consistent, and they will also start to participate in such fine motor activities as sewing, model building and arts and crafts projects. They will also intensify their speed, and coordination in running kicking, catching and dribbling. (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 161) In the case of infants and young children, teachers should try to provide a variety of sensory experiences, to facilitate a student’s motor development. It is very important to gain a balance of physical activity as well as class room work for a healthy all round child of this age group. Regular physical activity can benefit students by actually increasing their attention to more cognitively demanding tasks (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 172), in most cases if a child has a chance to be active and move around, they may be better able to prepare and settle into their theory work. Sport is another way that physical activity can benefit children. During Middle Childhood children begin to be more interested and start to excel in sport and athletics. Both organised and individual sports can be a good way to help maintain and enhance a child’s physical strength, endurance and agility. It can also promote social development by fostering communication, cooperation, and leadership skills (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 171). ‘The reality is that appearance is influential in social relationships, and it does affect how children feel about themselves’ (Chu, 2000; Dohnt Tiggermann, 2006b; Harter, 1999. ). Regular physical activity can help improve a child’s fitness, and help to maintain their weight and physical appearance, therefore making them feel better about themselves. Prolonged inactivity can result in weight gain, therefore effecting a student’s social emotional development. Being overweight or obese is a serious health risk in childhood. It predicts health problems in adulthood (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 189). Prolonged inactivity can cause lack of motivation and a decline in a child’s self-confidence. This is particularly important as during Middle Childhood, children start to develop friendships and internalise many of society’s rules and prohibitions (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 29). If a child fails to be physically active on a regular basis, e. g. staying indoors and watching television or playing computer games all day, it can restrict them from being social and forming important relationships and friendships. Prolonged physical inactivity can also affect a child’s concentration and participation during learning tasks. Over a period of time this could result in poor academic results. During middle childhood, children place great emphasis on the development of their own physical ability (parenting and child health, â€Å"http:/www. cyh. com/HealthTopics†). It is important as a teacher to try to focus on a student’s individual needs, encourage them to compete against themselves rather than their peers; this will help promote good self-confidence and will have an all-round good effect on other areas of their development. The rate of development differs considerably with differences partly the result of genetic diversity (nature), and partly a result of personal choices and environment (nurture) (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 176). If a child is brought up in an environment that promotes healthy eating and exercise they will generally be in better physical state of health. Physical development can also promote social-emotional development by fostering communication; cooperation and leadership skills (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 171); this can affect the child by making them feel more confident, motivated and be better prepared to form social relationships. However, for a child who does not have regular access to a healthy diet and a safe place for physical activity, this can lead to weight gain and obesity therefore restricting their social-emotional development, lowering their self-esteem, motivation and restricting their ability to form social relationship and friendships. A child’s motor skills can also be restricted by a lack of environmental support, if they are not provided with ample opportunity to practice their motor skills, whether it be through organised sport activities, or regular practice with mum or dad, they can fall behind on mastering these skills and allowing more complex skills to emerge (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 176). It is important for a child to have a good balance both in school and at home and in their community, with both learning and physical activities. Physical activity is essential for children, you can help to facilitate this by being pro-active, trying to provide frequent opportunities for students to be physically active through the day, e. g. break up theory work with a few minutes of physical movement, this will help them to better concentrate on the next learning task. Aim to make exercise challenging, but enjoyable, change team members around frequently to ensure all students are equally participating and try to provide all children with a role. Providing a safe environment and ensuring children use appropriate equipment for their age will help to minimise the risk of injury (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 185). In the case of a teacher having a student with special needs, providing they have permission, they should educate the other students on their condition and explain the nature of the disability; this will help the other children to be more accepting. There are many things a teacher can do to accommodate and support the physical needs and development of students. It is important to encourage every child to participate in all activities to the fullest extent possible, in a practice called inclusion; children with special needs joined their non-disabled peers in everyday school activities (Logan, Alberto, Kana Waylor-Bowen, 1994; Sailsbury, Evans, Palombaro, 1997). Engaging with parents and guardians can help give a teacher insight and suggestions into any adjustments that would help the child participate more fully in activities (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 185). In middle childhood, children are increasingly comparing and often critical of themselves and their peers, a teacher should try to focus on and meet a student’s individual needs and aim for them to be competitive with themselves, rather than their peers e. g. aiming to beat their personal best score or time. This will help boost their confidence and give them a drive to do better next time. Thoughtful attention to children’s physical needs can enhance children’s health, well-being, and ability to focus on their schoolwork. Such short-term effects pay dividends for future health, because good habits in childhood pave the way to health living later in life (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 186). It is always important for a teacher to pay such close attention to the children’s needs due to the fact that the impact of either class room learning or physical activity can both heavily shape their futures, or take from their quality of life in the future. In summary, for the Middle Childhood developmental stage that has been selected for the purpose of this assignment, there are many considerations for physical development and how the physical needs of students in the learning environment can be accommodated. A teacher can promote self –esteem and self-confidence making and engage with parents and guardians in order to successfully aid the child. Children can display a decline in self-confidence; this can be identified particularly in a child who does not have regular access to a healthy diet and a safe place for physical activity. It is therefore paramount to a child’s development that a teacher does actively encourage every child to participate in all activities to the fullest extent possible. It is in the best interest of the children for the teacher to incorporate a healthy balance of physical activity in with academic activity.

Historical Relationship Between Art and Music

Historical Relationship Between Art and Music Referring to key examples, identify and discuss the historical relationship between art and popular music, using key examples to support your argument. Some people would think that art and popular music have no combined points of reference, and that each is a completely separate unit, with each subject trying to achieve several different goals. However my intentions are to prove that this is not true. I believe that they have linked many times in the past particularly during the creation of the Dada movement in 1916. Hugo Ball composed sound poems and performed them at Cabaret Voltaire, a club he opened that consisted of an artists club, exhibition room, pub and theatre all rolled into one, it showed several styles of artistic performances. He believed others like him were interested not only in enjoying their independence but also giving proof of it. On July 23rd 1916 Hugo Ball recited his sound poem Karawane. It contained seventeen lines of text, which have no meaning but was successful for the resonance of the tone and in the manner it was performed. The visual version is also congratulated for the several styles of font used to decipher different emotions. For example, a sort of undulatory motion is produced by the alternative use of italics and roman type, while the left column produces a soothing effect. Cabaret Voltaire and founder Hugo Ball were the main creators of the Dada movement in Zurich 1917. The Dada movement is believed to be the co-founder of contemporary art. Contemporary art a s we know it could not have come into existence without Dada. It was breaking down and merging the differences between the several art forms as a response to World War 1. Richard Huelsenbeck was a close friend of Hugo Ball, who also recited on the 30th March at Cabaret Voltaire and was also associated with the Dada movement. Although he believed Dada needed to be stronger and more political and in 1919 set up his own club, Club Dada in Berlin. He was regarded as arrogant, and thats how he looks. His nostrils vibrate, his eyebrows are arched, and was not liked by the public. His work and several of the Club Dada creators were more political than the other Dada-groups they released convincing magazines to illustrate their beliefs through photomontages and manifestos. His works include The end of the world and Don Inigo de Loyola, which were more obviously political than that of Hugo Ball. Louis Armstrong was one of the first jazz musicians to experiment with his vocal techniques. By improvising the original composed music, and creating sound on the spot, he created skat singing. He is still well known as one of the greatest jazz musicians today for his spontaneity, and amazingly quick, inventive musical mind. I believe this is a good example of the kind of performances that would be shown at the Cabaret Voltaire, although he did not. I believe it is possible that, through horizontal and vertical lines constructed with awareness, but not with calculation, led by high intuition, and brought to harmony and rhythm, these basic forms of beauty, supplemented if necessary by other direct lines or curves, can become a work of art, as strong as it is true. Piet Mondrian Piet Mondrian was influenced by music, particularly the style that surrounded him whilst in New York. In particular his piece Victory Boogie Woogie 1942 44 (which was not named by him but based on his original piece Broadway Boogie Woogie 1942-43) was based on a title for a song and type of dance, which was extremely popular at the time and still heard of today. Among his collection of records, was the album Boogie Woogie from 1942, the inspiration behind two of his most famous works. Set in the Jazz period the piece represented the short melody lines that were interrupted by open rhythmical patterns as seen and heard in Jazz music. He would use plastic and bits of paper to illustrate and create new rhythms across the canvas, and create a busy, fast work to reflect the upbeat music and the bustling environment of New York. Jazz music played a big role in Mondrians work both as jazz music and modern art depend a great deal on improvisation. Like jazz where an artist will never play the same thing twice, Mondrian also would rely on instinct and natural ability to present his work. It presents a sense of randomness and how the artist was feeling at that particular time, which is found throughout many other artist movements. Jakob van Domselaer was a composer of the works Proeven van Stijlkunst (Experiments in Artistic Style) and a close friend of Mondrian. His work was inspired by Mondrian and the art movement De Stijl, which represented using simplicity, limited colours and using horizontal and vertical lines. Walter Gropius was the founder of Bauhaus school of art and design in Germany 1919. It revolutionised the art industry by replacing the traditional pupil-teacher relationship with the idea of a community of artists working together. It combined artists from all creative industries and allowed people to be creative and meet creative people. It was very influential and housed several well known artists including Kandinsky and Klee. Walter Gropius was a lover of art and music, therefore inspired art students to start musical groups and blend with people from other creative industries, which was important for the progression of art to inspire new, creative ideas from both sides. The Bauhaus Jazz Band in 1927 played the Charleston on the Bauhaus Roof which originally inspired this link of art and music, and was the main reason for starting the trend of artists creating bands. Bauhaus, Dancing on the Roof focuses only on that exhilarating moment when utopian dreams, uncertain ties, and fresh visions. The sixties was a massive decade for both art and music, with great pieces of work being produced from both the fine arts and the performance arts. The Beatles are one of the main well known music group that connect art to music, as most of the members were artists before creating the band. Also Stuart Sutcliffe, a previous bass player for the Beatles, dropped out and started doing art. (Stuart Sutcliffe Untitled 1961-62). When the Beatles first began 50% of the fans that would see them perform were art students including Astrid Kirchherr a photographer that would take pictures of them. George: Astrid was the one, really, who influenced our image more than anybody. She made us look good. She was the one who had the lather kecks and the Beatles haircut.. Sam Walsh used to jokingly call themselves jazz artists rather than pop, believing that their art owed more to the free-form improvisation of American artists During this time, music and art formed together like never before, with bot h artists and musician practising together. Adrian Henri statement : to the cataclysmic effect of the Beatles and Merseybeat in general; yet the visual arts (and poetry) benefited from the sheer headiness, the excitement of the time, as well as the attention generated by the music. In the late 1960s the musicians, clubs and pubs surrounded the school of art, creating a bond between the two creative areas. With John Lennon and Stuart Sutcliffe being pupils of the art school, they were exposed to the musical talent surrounding them. The Beatles revolver album was released on the 5th of august 1966 which reached number 1 in both the UK and the USA. The cover illustration was created by German-born bassist and artist Klaus Voormann. The image is mainly a simplistic line drawing but also using very recognisable aspects of each member of the band. It is also done in a collage style where a lot of images are placed in between them which consist of more detailed images of characters taken by Robert Whitaker. It was stated to be a part of the phycodellic era, you also perceive this sense from the other albums that they have done in the sixties, by the way in which the surrealist art comes through. The infamous butcher cover Yesterday and Today has now become famous in the album art subject matter because of how controversial it was and has been called the Beatles album of all time. Shot by photographer Robert Whitaker, (who had also done other covers with the Beatles), the image shows the band sat down smiling while covered in decapitated baby dolls and pieces of meat while the four of them are dressed in butchers aprons this image proved to be too strong and was quickly banned, some DJs even refused to play it. Which, if you compare it to some of the art of today, it would be seen as acceptable, as freedom to a subject matter is an asset to the modern art world. Not only was their album art banned, but also some of their music, on the grounds that it could encourage a permissive attitude towards drugs, which also connects to the era, in which drug taking was popular. Their other album covers consisted of many modern artists including Robert Fraser, Robert Blake and Peter Blak e. Although Peter Blake, may be well known for his cover St Pepper, in fact his wife Jan Howarth created this design with him. John Lennon enjoyed experimentation with sound along with artist and wife Yoko Ono. They would create tape loops and use the technique Musique Concrete, a technology that allowed tapes to be cut and edited. Musique Concrete is defined as a musiclike art form composed directly on magnetic tape by the electronic manipulation, distortion, or transformation of natural sounds and noises, as of musical instruments or rain. The Piece Revolution 9 appeared on The White Album released in 1968. This was made by layering tape loops over the basic rhythm of revolution. Lennon called it The music of the future and whilst it was loved by many people who appreciated and understood sound art, it was also hated, particularly by producer George Martin who tried to keep it off the album. Paul McCartney, a member of the Beatles and Yoko Ono opened an art gallery, in the basement off a bookstore. Indica was opened during the late 1960s. It was where John Lennon met Yoko Ono on Novermber 9, 1966. During the exhibit His famous retort : an imaginary five shillings to hammer in the imaginary nail made them inseparable. This was the start of the experimentation with sound and art. In 1968 they released an album with this inspirational sound Unfinished Music No1: Two Virgins which was also famous for its controversial cover, that was slated and not appreciated by the public. Exploding Plastic Inevitable consisted of organised sound and lighting events constructed by Andy Warhol in 1966. His favourite group Velvet Underground performed there along with the showings of Warhols films and Nico. Victor Bockris said January to April 1966 was the golden period for the Velvet Underground and Andy Warhol. After the psychiatrists convention, Warhol shot a scintillating film of the band rehearsing at the Factory, symphony of sound, which remains the single best visual record of the Velvet Underground. They also recorded sound tracks for two of Warhols best movies shot at the beginning of the year, hedy and more milk yvette.. Andy Warhol was inspired by the times music particularly this group and filmed them. Using these as inspiration he created many current day artworks, which celebrated the popular culture, exactly what the musical groups wanted to achieve. Exploding Plastic Inevitable was said to be very heavy on the emotions, as it was loud and bright with stro be lights, colours exploding and the light-show could be blinding at times. Another example of a more modern link is the punk scene, which was said to have two causes. The first being a response to the environment and current trends, the second coming out of art schools. Malcolm Mclaren stated that he was responsible for starting the Punk movement in Britain and was also heavily involved in forming The Sex Pistols, and became their manager. The Sex Pistols were the first Punk band in Britain and formed the punk scene, along with the fashion and political values that came with it. Malcolm McLaren was also a fashion designer and an art student in the sixties; it was this that led the movement in its uniqueness of clothing and style. After The Sex Pistols and the punk scene, he became more involved in his burgeoning art career; he wants to be taken more seriously as an artist and calls them musical paintings. Malcolm McLarens video piece Shallow has been given great credit to his anticipation of becoming a more recognised artist. His work on erotica and music was becoming more popular with the public. Since I was an art student in the Sixties Ive been interested in the foreplay in sex films, Im not sure why intrigued by the blandness, the stupidity and the kind of innocence of these people who couldnt act but who would be paid to have sex. Sex films became more hardcore, and lost a lot of charm in the Seventies. Somehow this was allied to my feelings about a disappearing world of pop culture the images were how I imagined pop music to look. The feeling was the same as when I was 13 imagining a world of sex you might imagine or never possibly have, and listening to pop music. This is a perfect example of the link between art and music, I feel at this time it was stronger than it has ever been, with artists considering music as a topic for their work, or even having or creating music to enhance their art. Jamie Reid created the cover album art for The Sex Pistols; he was involved with the situationist movement and a strong believer in anarchy. The situationists ideas were very hard to accumulate, as there were several ideas about the movement, Situationists focus on their cultural ideas, particularly in relation to detournement and the development of punk. They believed in looking at real life, instead of false truths. Jamie Reids famous cover God Save The Queen was known as one of the single most iconic image of the punk-era. His work involves the cutting from newspapers and combining graphical work that has and always will be recognized for it anarchistic feel. It was loved and hated at the time and some of his work has been banned in the past. Brian Eno studied at art school, but became involved with the glam rock group Roxy Music, even though he had no musical background or playing experience. After leaving this band he became more experimental with his music creation, taking the idea of chance with lyrics and sounds, he started to see his work as art not music and called it visual art. He used sound in an abstract expressionist way, in the same way as Jackson Pollock. His work 77 Million Paintings was created in 2007, and is a constantly evolving sound and imagescape which continues his exploration into light as an artists medium and the aesthetic possibilities of generative software. This involves the combination of image and sound working together. He is known as one of the most important people to combine the art and music worlds, and is still continuing to do so today. In a more modern perspective, an example of the link between music and art is the group, Franz Ferdinand. Having come from an artistic background (Hardy graduated from Glasgow School Of Art, and Thompson also posed as a life model there) they would rehearse in The Chauteau, they were known to have rave-like events incorporating music and art. In their recent career they have been known to have artists and art references throughout their careers, including music video Do You Wanna, where several artists or art works are within the gallery where it is set. Although I feel this was to attempt to put them in an art music group, they wanted the public to know they were previously from an art background, making them more popular. Another example is their album art covers, which are obviously inspired by the pop art movement, as the techniques and overall appeal is similar. Graffiti is part of the hip hop culture that has been split up into various different art forms such as Graffiti, Writing, Dj-ing, MC-ing and break dancing. There is a very close culture between graffiti art and some of the big hip hop artists such as Dr Dre, 50 Cent and The Game Grafitti art has changed dramatically since its origins, with the likes of Bansky, a famous British artist. Not much is known because he hides his identity, (WHY) but he had start his rise to fame during the great Bristol aerosol boom of the late 1980s most of his art are cover such topics such as ethics culture and politics, Banksy successfully combines graffiti writing and a stencilling technique that stands out from all of the others. Graffiti has also been used on a wide range of album covers which shows a direct link from art to music such as Blur, a Britpop band who have used more than one of Banksys piece of artwork. This album Think Tank, has been said that it inspired some of Blurs music. They have also used Banksy artwork on another cover, Crazy Beat, which was taken from one of Banskys original artworks. This graffiti was destroyed soon after Blur used it for their single cover, the council simply painted over it. The image was on the side of a privately-owned building in Londons Stoke Newington, featuring a cartoon version of the Royal Family waving from the top of a balcony, the council thought that they were cleaning the building, branding that the graffiti was unclean. The image was on the side of the building for 8 years before they decided to do anything about it. I find the history of art with combined music to be fascinating. My favourite example being Charleston on the Bauhaus Roof because i feel the teachers influenced the students to start these art bands, if not for this i feel art would have not developed as successfully as it did. I also think that art and music have a strong bond because they are both very personal subjects, in that one person may like the work and another wont. Both industries have high demands to get out to the public and show their work, and hope that people appreciate what they have created. I feel the use of experimenting and combining all of the creative fields is expanding and artists and musicians will continue to use the creative minds of each other in both fields in the future.